AD -308 (X103080)
Astronomical Diary, Hellenistic, Babylon · c. 330 BCE–141 BCE
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| Designation | AD -308 |
|---|---|
| ID | X103080 |
| Museum no. | BM 40078 + 40105 |
| Language | Akkadian |
| Period | Hellenistic · c. 330 BCE–141 BCE |
| Genre | Astronomical Diary |
| Find spot | Babylon |
| Coordinates | 32.5434, 44.4222 |
English translation
By ORACC project adsd/adart1 · Via Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (ORACC) · CC BY-SA 3.0 (ORACC)
| Line | English |
|---|---|
| Obverse [0:1] o 1o 1–o 1o 1 | [Year 8 of king Alexander, son] of Alexander; Seleucus was general; month I, (the 1st of which was identical with) the 30th (of the preceding month); sunset to moonset: ...; clouds, I did not see the moon. Night of the 1st, overcast, rain sho[wer ...] |
| Obverse [1:2] o 22–o 22 | [... Night of the 2nd, first part of the night, Venus was] 1 1/2 cubits [below β Tau]ri. The 2nd, clouds were in the sky, rain shower. Night of the 3rd, beginning of the night, clouds crossed the sky. Night of the 4th, [...] |
| Obverse [2:3] o 33–o 33 | [... first part of the ni]ght, Jupiter, while moving back to the west, was 10 fingers below γ Virginis; Venus was 1 2/3 cubits above ζ Tauri [...] |
| Obverse [3:4] o 44–o 44 | [...] Night of the 8th, beginning of the night, the moon was 2 1/2 cubits behind α Leonis. The 8th, Saturn became stationary in Sagittarius [...] |
| Obverse [4:5] o 55–o 55 | [... Night] of the 10th, beginning of the night, the moon was 2 cubits in front of γ Virginis, it stood 2 cubits in front of Jupiter to the west. [...] |
| Obverse [5:6] o 66–o 66 | [...] ... [...] 8? fingers. The 11th, a little rain shower. The 12th, moonset to sunrise: 6° 30'; clouds crossed the sky, the sun was surrounded by a halo [...] |
| Obverse [6:7] o 77–o 77 | [... cl]ouds were in the sky. Night of the 14th, [sunset to moonrise: nn°], measured; beginning of the night, the moon was 8 fingers behind β Scorpii; clouds were in the sky [...] |
| Obverse [7:8] o 88–o 88 | [... cl]ouds were in the sky. The 14th, clouds crossed the sky, [the sun] was surrounded by a halo. Night of the 15th, clouds crossed the sky. The 15th, clouds crossed the sky, gusty wind, lightning, a little thunder ... [...] |
| Obverse [8:9] o 99–o 99 | [... The 1]6th, clouds crossed the sky, rain DUL [... Night of the 1]7th, clouds crossed the sky; first part of the night, Venus was 4 cubits above γ Geminorum; last part of the night, Satur[n ...] |
| Obverse [9:10] o 1010–o 1010 | [...] ... in the afternoon, lightning, a little thunder. Ni[ght of the 18th (or: 19th), be]ginning of the night, clouds crossed the sky; lightning flashed continuously, a little thunder, gusty wind; last part of the night, [...] |
| Obverse [10:11] o 1111–o 1111 | [... The 19th?, Mer]cury’s first appearance in the west in "Bull of Heaven" (i.e., Taurus); sunset to setting of Mercury: 20°; (ideal) first appearance on the 16th?. Night of the 20th, first part of the night, Mercury was 1 1/2 cubits below β Tauri, Mercury being 4 fin[gers to ...] |
| Obverse [11:12] o 1212–o 1212 | [...] the sun was surrounded by a halo. Night of the 21st, clouds were in the sky. The 21st, clouds were in the sky; in the morning, a reddish cloud bank on the north and south side, above the sun and be[low the sun ...] |
| Obverse [12:13] o 1313–o 1313 | [...] Night of the 23rd, overcast; beginning of the night, rain shower, gu[sty wi]nd. The 23rd, the sun rose in a cloud. Night of the 25th, first part of the night, Venus was 3 cu[bits] below α Geminorum [...] |
| Obverse [13:14] o 1414–o 1414 | [... around? the 25th, when Jupiter became stationary in the west], it became stationary in front of γ Virginis; clouds were in the sky. Night of the 26th, clouds were in the sky. The 26th, moonrise to sunrise: 16°; the sun rose in a cloud, gusty wind. Night of the 2[7th, ...] |
| Obverse [14:15] o 1515–o 1515 | [...] having passed to the east. The 27th, clouds were in the sky, a storm blew from the north. Night of the 28th, Mercury was 1/2 cubit above μ Geminorum ... [...] |
| Obverse [15:16] o 1616–o 1616 | [...] being [x]+2 fingers back to the west. The 29th, in the afternoon, clouds crossed the sky. At sunset, lightning flashed continuously in the north, it thundered once. [...] |
| Obverse [16:17] o 1717–o 1717 | [...] gusty strong [wind]. That month, the equivalent for 1 shekel of refined silver was: barley, in the beginning of the month, 1 sūtu 1 1/2 qa, at the end of the month, new, 2 sūtu 1 1/2 qa; da[tes, ...] |
| Obverse [17:18] o 1818–o 1818 | [... wool, 1 mi]na. At that time, Jupiter was in Virgo; Venus in the beginning of the [month, was in] Aries, at the end of the month, in Taurus; [...] |
| Obverse [18:19] o 1919–o 1919 | [...] the 7th, the river level receded 20 fingers; from the 8th to the 11th, the river level rose 1 cubit?; from the 11th to the 15th, it receded 2/3 cubit; fr[om ...] |
| Obverse [20:21] o 2121–o 2121 | [Month II, the 1st (of which followed the 30th of the preceding month), ... Night of the 2nd, the moon was] 2 cubits [... α Gemino]rum. The 2nd, clouds were in the sky. Night of the 3rd, clouds were in the sky; the moon was [...] in front of δ [Cancri ...] |
| Obverse [21:22] o 2222–o 2222 | [... clouds] were in the sky. The 4th, clouds crossed the sky. Night of the 5th, overcast, a little rain shower. The 5th, clouds ... [...] |
| Obverse [22:23] o 2323–o 2323 | [...] Night of the 8th, beginning of the night, the moon was 3 cubits behind γ Virginis [...] |
| Obverse [23:24] o 2424–o 2424 | [...] ... stood to the west. The 9th, clouds were in the sky. [...] |
| Obverse [24:25] o 2525–o 2525 | [... Night of the 11th, beginn]ing of the night, the moon was [...] in front of β [Scorpii ...] |
| Obverse [25:26] o 2626–o 2626 | [...] sunrise to moonset: 7° 30+[x]'. The 15th?, [...] |
| Obverse [26:27] o 2727–o 2727 | [...] ... The 16th, gusty wind. ... [...] |
| Obverse [27:29] o 2828– | [...] (ideal) first appearance on the 6+[x]th; wi[nd ...] |
| Reverse [0:1] r 1'r 1'–r 1'r 1' | [...] 2 cubits [...] α Virginis [...] |
| Reverse [1:2] r 2'2'–r 2'2' | [... x]+1/2 cubit. Night of the 19th, last part of the night, the moon was [...] below [η Tauri ...] |
| Reverse [2:3] r 3'3'–r 3'3' | [... Night of the 21st,] last part of the night, the moon was 2/3? cubit in front of ζ Tauri [...] |
| Reverse [3:4] r 4'4'–r 4'4' | [... Night of the 23rd, last part of the night, the moon was] 1 1/2 cubits in front of β Geminorum. The 23rd, gusty wind. Night [...] |
| Reverse [4:5] r 5'5'–r 5'5' | [...] ... having passed to the east. Night of the 26th, last part of the night, the moon was 1 cubit behind α Leonis. ... [...] |
| Reverse [5:6] r 6'6'–r 6'6' | [...] ... 1 sūtu 3 qa; dates, in the beginning of the month, 2 sūtu 3 qa, in the middle of the month, 2 sūtu 1 q[a ...] |
| Reverse [6:8] r 7'7'–r 8'8' | [...] ... wool?, 4? minas 20 shekels?. At that time, Jupiter was in Virgo; Saturn was in Sagittarius; Mars was in Cancer; the 22nd, Venus’ last appearance in the west in the end of Virgo; Mercury [...] |
| Reverse [7:8] r 8'8'–r 8'8' | [Month VI, (the 1st of which was identical with) the 30th (of the preceding month), ...] ... 1 1/2 cubits. The 3rd, Mercury’s first appearance in the west in Libra; sunset to setting of Mercury: 14°; (ideal) first appearance on the 1st. Night of the 4th, beginning of the night, the moon was 4 cubits above α Scorpii, the moon having passed 1/2 cubit to the east. The 4th, Jupi[ter ...] |
| Reverse [8:9] r 9'9'–r 9'9' | [...] 1 cubit. Night of the 6th, beginning of the night, the moon stood 2 2/3 cubits in front of Saturn to the west. Night of the 8th, beginning of the night, the moon was 1/2 cubit in front of β Capricorni. Night of the 10th, beginning of the night, the moon was [...] |
| Reverse [9:10] r 10'10'–r 10'10' | [...] gusty wind; Mercury’s last appearance in the west in Libra; gusty wind. The 12th, Venus’ first appearance in the east in Virgo; it was bright, rising of Venus to sunrise: 9°, (ideal) first appearance on the 11th; gusty wind. Night of the 10+[xth, ...] |
| Reverse [10:11] r 11'11'–r 11'11' | [... Night of the 15th, beginning of the ni]ght, the moon was 2/3 cubit in front of η Piscium; last part of the night, Mars was 3 1/2 cubits below ε Leonis. The 15th, sunrise to moonset: 12°. The 16th, a small attack of locusts. Ni[ght ...] |
| Reverse [11:12] r 12'12'–r 12'12' | [...] ... back. The 17th, clouds were in the sky, gusty wind. Night of the 18th, very overcast. The 18th, clouds were in the sky. Night of the 19th, last part of the night, <the moon> was 2 1/2 cubits in front of ζ Tauri. Night of the 20th, last part of the night, the m[oon was ...] |
| Reverse [12:13] r 13'13'–r 13'13' | [... Night of the 22nd, last part of the night, the moon was] 2 2/3 cubits [behind] β Geminorum. Night of the 23rd, last part of the night, the moon was 2 cubits behind δ Cancri. Night of the 24th, last part of the night, the moon was 1 cubit in front of α Leonis, behind [...] |
| Reverse [13:14] r 14'14'–r 14'14' | [... Night of the 26th, last part of the night, the moon was] 1/2 cubit [...] β Virginis. Night of the 27th, beginning of the night, lightning flashed continuously between north and west; the moon was 1/2 cubit behind γ Virginis [...] |
| Reverse [14:15] r 15'15'–r 15'15' | [... That month, the equivalent] for 1 shekel of refined silver was: [barley, ...] of the month, 1 sūtu 3 qa, at the end of the month, 2 sūtu 2 qa; dates, in the beginning of the month, 2 sūtu 5 qa, in the middle of the month, 2 sūtu 1 qa, at the end of the month, 2 sūtu 5 qa; must[ard, ...] |
| Reverse [15:17] r 16'16'–r 17'17' | [...] At that time, Venus was in Virgo; Saturn was in Sagittarius; Mars was in Cancer, at the end of the month, in Leo; Jupiter and Mercury, which had set, [were] n[ot visible ...] |
| Reverse [16:19] r 17'17'– | [Diary from month] I to the end of month VI, year 8 of king Alexander, son of Alexander; Seleucus was general. |
| Top [0:1] t.e. 1t.e. 1–t.e. 1t.e. 1 | [Diary from month I to the end of] month VI, year 8 of king Alexander, son of Alexander; Seleucus was general. |
Transliteration (ATF)
From Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (ORACC) · CC BY-SA 3.0 (ORACC default); per-file JSON license fields say: This data is released under the CC0 license (133618)
| Line | ATF | Machine English (draft) |
|---|---|---|
| o | ||
| 1 | [MU 8.KAM₂ {m}a-lik-sa-an-dar LUGAL A {m]}⸢KI.MIN⸣ {m}⸢se⸣-lu-ku {lu₂}GAL {lu₂}ERIN₂{meš} BAR 30 ⸢x x x⸣ na DIR sin NU IGI GE₆ 1 ŠU₂ ⸢AN UTAH⸣ [...] | |
| 2 | [... GE₆ 2 USAN dele-bat SIG ŠUR-GIGIR]-⸢ša₂⸣-SI 1 1/2 KUŠ₃ 2 DIR AN ZA ⸢AN⸣ UTAH GE₆ 3 SAG GE₆ DIR AN DIB GE₆ 4 [...] | |
| 3 | [...] ⸢USAN⸣ MUL₂.BABBAR ⸢ana ŠU₂ ina LAL-šu₂⸣ SIG DELE-ša₂-IGI-ABSIN 10 SI dele-bat e ŠUR-GIGIR-ša₂-ULU₃ 1 2/3 ⸢KUŠ₃⸣ [...] | |
| 4 | [...] ⸢GE₆ 8 SAG GE₆ sin ar₂ LUGAL 2 1/2 KUŠ₃ 8 GENNA ina PA ⸢UŠ⸣ [...] | |
| 5 | [... GE₆] 10 SAG ⸢GE₆ sin ina⸣ IGI DELE-ša₂-⸢IGI⸣-ABSIN 2 KUŠ₃ ina IGI MUL₂.BABBAR 2 KUŠ₃ ana ŠU₂ GUB [...] | |
| 6 | [...] ⸢x x x⸣ [x x x] 8 SI ŠU₂ AN UTAH i 12 6.30 ŠU₂ DIR AN DIB šamaš₂ TUR₃ ⸢NIGIN⸣ [...] | |
| 7 | [...] ⸢AN⸣ ZA GE₆ 14 [N GE₆] muš SAG GE₆ sin ar₂ MUL₂-e-ša₂-SAG-GIR₂.TAB 8 SI DIR AN ZA [...] | |
| 8 | [...] ⸢DIR⸣ AN ZA 14 DIR AN ⸢DIB⸣ [(x) šamaš₂] ⸢TUR₃⸣ NIGIN GE₆ 15 DIR AN DIB 15 DIR AN DIB IM ŠAR₂ GIR₂ GU₃ U i ⸢x⸣ [...] | |
| 9 | [...] 16 DIR AN DIB AN DUL-hat [x (x) GE₆] 17 DIR AN DIB USAN dele-bat e MAŠ.MAŠ-ša₂-SIPA 4 KUŠ₃ ina ZALAG₂ ⸢GENNA⸣ [...] | |
| 10 | [...] ⸢x⸣ ina KIN.SIG GIR₂ GU₃ U i ⸢GE₆⸣ 18 ⸢SAG⸣ GE₆ DIR AN DIB GIR₂ ⸢GIR₂⸣.GIR₂ GU₃ U i IM ŠAR₂ ina ZALAG₂ [...] | |
| 11 | [... 19 ⸢GU₄⸣.UD ina ŠU₂ ina GU₄.AN IGI 20 na ina 16 [IGI] GE₆ 20 USAN GU₄.UD SIG ŠUR-GIGIR-ša₂-SI 1 1/2 KUŠ₃ GU₄.UD 4 ⸢SI⸣ [ana ...] | |
| 12 | [...] šamaš₂ TUR₃ NIGIN GE₆ 21 DIR AN ZA 21 ⸢DIR⸣ AN ZA ina še-ri₃ ni-di ṣar-pu A₂ SI u ULU₃ e šamaš₂ u ⸢SIG⸣ [šamaš₂ ...] | |
| 13 | [...] GE₆ 23 ŠU₂ SAG GE₆ AN UTAH ⸢IM ŠAR₂⸣ 23 šamaš₂ ina DIR KUR GE₆ 25 USAN dele-bat SIG MAŠ.MAŠ-IGI 3 ⸢KUŠ₃⸣ [...] | |
| 14 | [... 25 MUL₂.BABBAR ana ŠU₂ ki UŠ-a ina] ⸢IGI⸣ DELE-ša₂-IGI-ABSIN UŠ DIR AN ZA GE₆ 26 DIR AN ZA 26 16 KUR šamaš₂ ina DIR KUR IM ŠAR₂ GE₆ 27 [...] | |
| 15 | [...] ana NIM DIB 27 DIR AN ZA me-he-e SI GIN GE₆ 28 USAN GU₄.UD e MUL₂-ar₂-ša₂-še-pit₂-MAŠ.MAŠ 1/2 KUŠ₃ ⸢x⸣ [...] | |
| 16 | [... x]+2 SI ana ŠU₂ LAL 29 ina KIN.SIG DIR AN DIB ki ŠU₂ šamaš₂ GIR₂ ina SI ⸢GIR₂⸣.GIR₂ {d}IM 1-en GU₃-šu₂ ŠUB⸣ [...] | |
| 17 | [...] ⸢ŠAR₂⸣ KALAG ITU BI KI.LAM ŠE ina SAG ITU 1(BAN₂) 1 1/2 qa ina TIL ITU BIL₂ 2(BAN₂) 1 1/2 qa ⸢ZU₂⸣.[LUM ...] | |
| 18 | [... MA].NA a-na 1 GIN₂ KU₃.BABBAR qa-lu-u₂ i-nu-šu₂ MUL₂.BABBAR ina ABSIN dele-bat ina ⸢SAG⸣ [ITU ina] ⸢HUN⸣ ina TIL ⸢ITU⸣ ina ⸢MUL₂.MUL₂⸣ [...] | |
| 19 | [...] 7 ILLU 20 SI LAL TA 8 EN 11 ILLU 1 KUŠ₃ GIN⸣ TA 11 EN 15 2/3 KUŠ₃ LAL ⸢TA⸣ [...] | |
| 20 | [...] | |
| 21 | [GU₄ 1 ... GE₆ 2 sin x MAŠ.MAŠ]-⸢IGI⸣ 2 KUŠ₃ 2 DIR AN ZA GE₆ 3 DIR AN ZA sin ina IGI MUL₂-ar₂-[ša₂-ALLA-ša₂-ULU₃ N N ...] | |
| 22 | [...] AN ZA 4 DIR AN DIB GE₆ 5 ŠU₂ AN UTAH i 5 DIR ⸢AN⸣ [...] | |
| 23 | [...] GE₆ 8 SAG GE₆ sin ar₂ DELE-ša₂-IGI-ABSIN 3 ⸢KUŠ₃⸣ [...] | |
| 24 | [...] x x x ana ŠU₂ GUB 9 DIR AN ZA [...] | |
| 25 | [... GE₆ 11 ⸢SAG GE₆⸣ sin ina IGI MUL₂-e-[ša₂-SAG-GIR₂.TAB N N ...] | |
| 26 | [...] 7.30+[x] na 15 [...] | |
| 27 | [...] ⸢x⸣ 16 IM ŠAR₂ ⸢x⸣ [...] | |
| 28 | [...] 6+[x] IGI ⸢IM⸣ [...] | |
| r | ||
| 1' | [...] ⸢SA₄⸣-ša₂-ABSIN 2 ⸢KUŠ₃⸣ [...] | |
| 2' | [... x]+1/2 KUŠ₃ GE₆ 19 ina ZALAG₂ sin SIG [MUL₂.MUL₂ ...] | |
| 3' | [... GE₆ 21 ina ZALAG₂ sin ina IGI ŠUR-GIGIR-ša₂-ULU₃ 2/3 [KUŠ₃ ...] | |
| 4' | [... GE₆ 23 ina ZALAG₂ sin] ina IGI MAŠ.MAŠ-ar₂ 1 1/2 KUŠ₃ 23 IM ŠAR₂ GE₆ [...] | |
| 5' | [...] x ⸢AN⸣ ana NIM DIB GE₆ 26 ina ZALAG₂ sin ar₂ ⸢LUGAL⸣ 1 KUŠ₃ ⸢x⸣ [...] | |
| 6' | [...] x 1(BAN₂) 3 qa ZU₂.LUM ina SAG ITU 2(BAN₂) 3 qa ina MURUB₄ ITU 2(BAN₂) 1 ⸢qa⸣ [...] | |
| 7' | [...] x ⸢SIG₂ 4 ma 20 GIN₂ i-nu-šu₂⸣ MUL₂.BABBAR ina ABSIN GENNA ina PA AN <ina> ALLA 22 dele-bat ina ŠU₂ ina TIL ABSIN ŠU₂ GU₄.UD [...] | |
| 8' | [KIN 30 ...] x 1 1/2 KUŠ₃ 3 GU₄.UD ina ŠU₂ ina RIN₂ IGI 14 na in 1 IGI GE₆ 4 SAG GE₆ sin e SI₄ 4 KUŠ₃ sin 1/2 KUŠ₃ ana NIM DIB 4 MUL₂.⸢BABBAR⸣ [...] | |
| 9' | [...] 1 KUŠ₃ GE₆ 6 SAG GE₆ sin ina IGI GENNA 2 2/3 KUŠ₃ ana ŠU₂ GUB GE₆ 8 SAG GE₆ sin ina IGI SI-MAŠ₂ 1/2 KUŠ₃ GE₆ 10 SAG GE₆ sin [...] | |
| 10' | [...] ⸢IM⸣ ŠAR₂ GU₄.UD ina ŠU₂ ina RIN₂ ŠU₂ 11 IM ŠAR₂ 12 dele-bat ina NIM ina ABSIN IGI KUR 9 UŠ na-su in 11 IGI IM ŠAR₂ GE₆ 10+[x ...] | |
| 11' | [... GE₆ 15 SAG] ⸢GE₆⸣ sin ina IGI MUL₂-KUR-ša₂-DUR-nu-nu 2/3 KUŠ₃ ina ZALAG₂ AN SIG SAG-UR.A 3 1/2 KUŠ₃ 15 12 na 16 BURU₅ i ZI-a ⸢GE₆⸣ [...] | |
| 12' | [...] x LAL 17 DIR AN ZA IM ŠAR₂ GE₆ 18 ŠU₂.ŠU₂ 18 DIR AN ZA GE₆ 19 ina ZALAG₂ <sin> ina IGI ŠUR-GIGIR-ša₂-ULU₃ 2 1/2 KUŠ₃ GE₆ 20 ina ⸢ZALAG₂ sin⸣ [...] | |
| 13' | [... GE₆ 22 ina ZALAG₂ sin ar₂ MAŠ].⸢MAŠ⸣-ar₂ 2 2/3 KUŠ₃ GE₆ 23 ina ZALAG₂ sin ar₂ MUL₂-ar₂-ša₂-ALLA-ša₂-ULU₃ 2 KUŠ₃ GE₆ 24 ina ZALAG₂ sin ina IGI ⸢LUGAL⸣ 1 KUŠ₃ ⸢ar₂⸣ [...] | |
| 14' | [... GE₆ 26 ina ZALAG₂ sin ...] GIR₃-ar₂-ša₂-UR.A 1/2 KUŠ₃ GE₆ 27 SAG GE₆ GIR₂ ina bi-rit SI u MAR GIR₂.GIR₂ ina ZALAG₂ sin ar₂ DELE-ša₂-IGI-ABSIN 1/2 KUŠ₃ [...] | |
| 15' | [... ITU BI KI.LAM ŠE ...] ITU 1(BAN₂) 3 qa ina TIL ITU 2(BAN₂) 2 qa ZU₂.LUM ina SAG ITU 2(BAN₂) 5 qa ina MURUB₄ ITU 2(BAN₂) 1 qa ina TIL ITU 2(BAN₂) 5 qa ka-[si ...] | |
| 16' | [... ana] 1 GIN₂ KU₃.BABBAR qa-lu-u₂ i-nu-šu₂ dele-bat ina ABSIN GENNA ina PA AN ina ALLA ina TIL ITU ina UR.A MUL₂.BABBAR u GU₄.UD ša₂ ŠU₂{meš} ⸢NU⸣ [IGI{meš} ...] | |
| 17' | [EN.NUN ša₂ gi-ne₂-e ša₂ TA {itu]}⸢BAR⸣ EN TIL {itu}KIN MU 8.KAM₂ {m}a-lik-sa-an-dar LUGAL A {m}KI.MIN {m}se-lu-ku {lu₂}GAL {lu₂}ERIN₂{⸢meš⸣} | |
| t.e. | ||
| 1 | [EN.NUN ša₂ gi-ne₂-e ša₂ TA {itu}BAR EN TIL] {⸢itu⸣}KIN MU 8.KAM₂ {m}a-lik-sa-an-dar LUGAL A {m}KI.MIN {m}se-lu-ku {lu₂}GAL ERIN₂{meš} | |
Sources & licences
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Cite the original edition and translator. Page generated by Unread Atlas from the public corpus export of 2026-10-11.