Unread Atlas

Home › Tablets › P394610

RINAP 5/2, Ashurbanipal 220 ex. 001 (P394610)

Official or display, Neo-Assyrian, Nineveh · c. 911 BCE–612 BCE

Open in the reader & map →See it among all tablets

DesignationRINAP 5/2, Ashurbanipal 220 ex. 001
IDP394610
Museum no.BM —
CollectionBritish Museum, London, UK
LanguageAkkadian
PeriodNeo-Assyrian · c. 911 BCE–612 BCE
GenreOfficial or display
Find spotNineveh (mod. Kuyunjik)
Coordinates36.3582, 43.1621

Transliteration (ATF)

From Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative · CDLI: reuse of catalogue/transliteration data with citation of CDLI; images restricted (not fetched)

Machine draft. The right-hand column is machine English from ixmon/atf-to-english (atf-en-t5base-H2, 2026-10-18), generated line by line from the transliteration. It is unreviewed and is not a scholarly translation.

LineATFMachine English (draft)
obverse col 1
1[a-na-ku {disz}an-szar2-du3-a _lugal gal lugal_ dan-nu _lugal szu2 lugal kur_ asz-szur _lugal_ kib-rat _limmu2_-tim]I, Ashurbanipal great king strong king king of the world, kin[g of Assyria, king] of the four quarters (of the world),
2'_[szagina] babila2#{ki} lugal# [kur eme-gi7_ u _uri{ki}]_general of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad.
3'_[dumu] dumu#_ {disz}{d}sin-pap-mesz-su _lugal# [gal lugal_ dan-nu _lugal szu2 lugal kur_ asz-szur]son of Sennacherib, great king, strong king king of the world, king [of Assyria]
4'li#-ib-li#-bi {disz}lugal-gi-na _lugal# gal# [lugal_ dan-nu _lugal szu2 lugal kur_ asz]-szur#May Sargon (II) great king strong king king of the world and king [of Assyria]
5'_[giri3]-nita2#_ babila2{ki} _lugal kur eme#-[gi7_ u uri]{ki#}governor of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad.
6'_[an-szar2] ad dingir-mesz_ ina lib3-bi _ama_-ia szi-mat _lugal_-u#-ti# [i-szim? szim-ti?]Ashur, father of the gods, in the heart of my mother, the fate of kingship, determined a fate
7'[{d}]nin#-lil2 _ama gal_-tu a-na be-lut _kalam_ u _ug3-mesz_ taz-ku#-ra# [szu-mi3?]O Ninlil, great mother, for the lordship of the land and the people you have chosen my name.
8'[{d}]e2#-a _dingir-mah alam-dim2_-me-e _en_-u-ti u2-s,ab-bu-u nak#-[lisz]Ea, the great god, seized my lordly majesties with fury.
9'[{d}]3(u)# _dingir#_ el#-lu asz2-szu2 e-pesz _lugal_-ti-ia usz-tak-li-ma _munus saga_ it#-tum#O Sin, holy god, for the sake of my kingship I trusted in you and the good woman with me
10'[{d}utu {d}iszkur] ba-ru-tu2 szi-pir la in-nen-nu-u u2-mal-lu-u _szu-min_-u-aThe gods Šamaš and Adad, who have made my hands full of incantations that cannot be changed,
11'[{d}]marduk# _abgal dingir-mesz_ uz-nu ra-pa-asz2-tu ha-si-su pal-ku-u isz-ru-ka szi-rik-teMarduk, sage of the gods, wide-minded one, who reveres you, gave you a firm positive answer.
12'{d#}ag _dub-sar_ gim-ri ih-ze ne2-me-qi-szu2 i-qi2-sza2-an-ni a-na qisz-tiNabû, the scribe of all who reveres his wisdom, gave me for the gift
13'{d#}nin-urta {d}u-gur dun-ni zik-ru-te e-mu-qi2 la sza2-na-an u2-szar-szu-u gat-tiThe gods Ninurta (and) Ugur, who give strength and strength, made the unrivalled forces greater than before.
14'szi#-pir ap-kal-li a-da-pa3 a-hu-uz ni-s,ir-tu2 ka-tim-tu2 kul-lat t,up-szar-ru-tu2The work of the apkallu-priest (and) Adapa, the guardian of the whole world, who oversees all the scribal lore,
15'_geszkim#-mesz an_-e u _ki_-tim am-ra-ku szu-ta-da-na-ku ina _ukken_ um-ma-a-niI am adorned with the signs of heaven and netherworld, I am constantly entrusted with the assembly of scholars.
16'szu#-ta-bu-la-ku 1(disz) _ba3_-ut ma-at,-lat _an_-e it-ti _abgal i3-mesz_ le-'u#-u-tiI have poured out one vessel of the land of the heavens with the Apsu with oil of good quality.
17'u2-pa-t,ar3 _i-gi-a-ra2_-e et-gu-ru-ti sza2 la i-szu-u pi-it pa-niI have erased the ominous inscriptions, which are without number.
18'asz2-ta-si kam-mu nak-lu sza2 _eme-gi7_ s,u-ul-lu-lu ak-ka-du-u ana szu-te-szu-ri asz2-t,uI sat down. The enemy of the Sumerian was enraged, I was frightened. I wrote to you in order to save.
19'hi-t,a-ku _gu3-sum_ ab-ni sza2 la-am a-bu-bi sza2 kak-ku sa-ak-ku bal-lu(Sum) I am guilty of sin, I am afflicted by guilt. (Akk) The guilt of my sin, the guilt of the mouth of the father, that of the kakku-demon, the sakku-disease.
20'it-ti il-li na-as-qi2 an-na-a sza2 ep-pu#-sza2# gi-mir u4-me-iaTogether with this gift, which I have made all my days,
21'szi-tah-hu-t,a-ku mur-ni-is-qi2 rak-pa-ak hi-isz-sza2-me-e szit-ma-ru-ti“I am frightened, I am afflicted with awe-inspiring radiance, i.e., fearsomeness,
22'tam#-ha-ak til-pa-na u2-s,u u2-szap-ra-asz2 si-mat qar-ra-du-tiThe tamḫak-demon, the tilpana-disease, (and) the ṣābu-distortion, the emblems of warriors,
23'a-szal-lu ki-ma szil-ta-hi az-ma-ra-ne2-e nu-ur-ru-t,u-u-ti(Sum) The ašallu-demon, like a šiltaḫḥu-disease, is bright (Akk) I am bright as a torch, my light is bright
24's,ab#-ta-ku {kusz}a-sa-a-ti ki-ma as-sa-ri u2-sza2-as-har se-he-er {gesz}ma-gar-riI seized the sandals like a lion. I received from them the reed bundles of the chariot.
25'usz#-ta-na-as,-bar ki-ma kisz-kat3-te-e {gesz}a-ra-a-te {gesz}ka-ba-ba-tehe keeps watch for him like a string of arrows (and) axes
26'le#-'a-a-ku sza gi-mir um-ma-ni ka-li-szu2-nu i-nu-szu2-nu ra-bu#-uI am able to serve all the army, all of them. At that time, I was the great one.
27'isz#-te-nisz a-lam-mad si-mat _en_-u-ti al-ka-ka-te at-ta-na-al-lak sza2 _lugal_-teMoreover, I saw the sign of lordship and went to the kingship.
28'u2-szu-za-ku ma-har _lugal#_ ba-ni-ia t,e3-e-me asz2-ta-nak-kan a-na _gal-mesz_Before the king who had engendered me, I gave orders to the great
29'ba-lu-u-a _{lu2}nam_ ul# ip-pa-qid _{lu2}gar_-nu ul isz-sza2-kan ul-la-nu-u-aWithout me the governor did not appoint; the prefect did not place (them); without me
30'it#-ta-nap-la-as _ad_ ba-nu-u-a qar-ra-du-tu2 sza2 i-szi-mu-in-ni _dingir-mesz gal-mesz_The father who had engendered me, the hero who had heard of me among the great gods,
31'ina qi2#-bit _dingir-mesz gal-mesz ukken szesz-mesz_-ia ma#-a'#-disz# i-ra-man-niBy the command of the great gods, the assembly of my brothers greatly loves me,
32'asz2#-szu2 e-pesz _lugal_-ti-ia im-hur an-szar2 _lugal# dingir#-mesz# en_ gim-riAs to my kingship, I received Ashur, king of the gods, lord of everything.
33'u2-s,al-li {d}nin-lil2 {d}sze-ru-u-a ru-bat i-la-a-ti be-let _gaszan-mesz_The goddesses Ninlil and Šerūa, the queens of the gods, mistress of the ladies,
34'u2#-sa#-ap-pi {d}utu {d}iszkur ba-re-e sza2-ma-me qaq-qar _di-ku5_ kib-ra-a-teThe gods Šamaš (and) Adad, the creators of heaven and earth, the judges of the world quarters
35'[usz-te-mi3]-iq# {d}ag {d}marduk na-di-nu-te _{gesz}gidri {gesz}gu-za_ mu-kin-nu _lugal#_-u#?-ti#Nabû and Marduk, the givers of scepter and throne, who establishes kingship
36'[um-ma ina] ukken#-ni-ku-nu ib-ba-a ina _dumu#-mesz#_-ia te-nu#-[u2-a]saying: “Your assembly has become hostile to me, my sons have become angry with me.
37'[...] x [...]
38'[...]
obverse col 2
1'[ina _igi] dingir#-mesz# gal#-mesz#_ sza2# _an#_-e# [u _ki_-tim ...]In the presence of the great gods of heaven and netherworld ...
2'u2-dan-nin isz-t,ur isz-kun# [a]-de#-e# [a-na u4-me s,a-a-ti]He wrote, collated, and drafted the treaty for future days.
3'ina _{iti}gu4 iti_ {d}e2-a _en_ te-ne2-sze#-e#-ti pa-ti-qu# [nab-nit _lugal_-ti-ia]In the month Ayyaru (II), month of Ea, the lord of humanity, the one who oversees my royal majesty,
4'e-ru-um-ma ina _e2_ ri-du-u-ti a-szar t,e3-e-me u mil-[ki ...]entered, and in the ridūtu-house, where orders and advice . .
5'ina qi2-bit an-szar2 _ad dingir-mesz {d}marduk en en-en lugal dingir#-[mesz]_By the command of Ashur, father of the gods, Marduk, lord, en-priestess, king of all gods
6'u2-sza2-qa-an-ni _ugu dumu-mesz lugal_ szu-mi3 iz-kur ana _lugal_-[u-ti]to the sons of the king my name he cursed for kingship
7'_e2-gal_ ina e-re-bi-ia i-ra-asz2 gi-mir _karasz_ ma-li ni-gu#-[tu]The palace, when I entered, was overwhelmed by all of the quays, full of pity.
8'ha-du-u2 _nun-mesz_ {lu2}szu-ut _sag_ u2-pa-qu zi-kir szap#-[ti-ia]The princes, the eunuchs, took away the word of my lips.
9'ma-har _lugal ad_ ba-ni-ia s,ab-tak ab-bu-su-nu <<ana>> pu-su-sak hi-t,i#-[szu2-nu?]In the presence of the king, the father who had engendered me, I captured them, (and) convicted them of their crimes.
10'_dingir#-mesz gal-mesz_ ep-sze-te-ia _saga-mesz_ ha-disz ip-pal-su-ma#The great gods looked with pleasure upon my good deeds and
11'ina qi2#-bi-ti-szu2-nu s,ir-ti u2-szib t,a-a-bisz ina _{gesz}gu-za ad du3_-iaBy their exalted command I sat happily on the throne of the father who had engendered me.
12'ru#-be2#-e# {lu2#}szu#-ut _sag en_-u-ti ih-szu-hu i-ra-mu e-pesz _lugal_-ti-ia#The nobles, the eunuchs of the lordly majesty, rejoiced and rejoicing over my kingship.
13'ina zi-kir _mu_-ia kab#-ti ha#-du-u2 i-ri-szu2 kib-rat _limmu2_-timBy the command of my exalted name, his beloved wife, the four quarters
14'_lugal-mesz_ sza2 ti-amti e-liti szap#-[liti] _ARAD-mesz_ da-gil2 pa-ni _ad_ ba-ni-ia#the kings of the Upper Sea, the subjugators, the servants who belonged to the father who had created me
15'asz2-szu2 e-pesz _lugal_-ti-ia pu-su#-rat ha#-de#-e# isz#-tap-pa-ru ana a#-a#-[szi]Concerning the exercise of my royal majesty, they have sent a message of goodwill to me.
16'_{gesz}tukul-mesz_ na-ki-ri ti-bu-te ir-tab-s,u rak-su# ip#-t,u-ru# ta#-ha#-za#-szu2#-[un]The weapons of the enemy fought with each other, they cut off their weapons and battled with them.
17'i-nu-hu ul-me-szu2-un sze-lu-u-ti# u2-szap-szi-hu _{gesz}pan_-szu2-un ma-la#-[ti](As for) the one who removes (them) from the shrines, (or) destroys the sanctuaries of those who have fallen into disrepair, their large bows
18'ir-bu-bu ak-s,u-ti sza2 a-na la# ma-gi-re-szu2-un tu-qu-un-tu2 hasz-[hu](Sum) They have slain the captives who are not their enemies (Akk) The captives, who have been killed in order not to be their enemies
19'bi-rit _iri_ u _e2_ a-me-lu mim#-mu#-u tap-pe-e-szu2 ul e-kim ina da-na#-[ni]between the city and the house of a man, none of his companions took away from him.
20'se-he-ep _kur_ ka-la-ma et,#-lu# e#-du hi-bil-tu ul e-pu-usz#I did not do justice to the totality of the land, the young man, the old woman, and the criminals.
21'a-lik ur-hi e-disz-szi-szu2 ina szul#-[me] ib-'a har-ra#-nu ru-qe2-e-[ti]I marched ahead; with well-being, I conquered the treacherous routes.
22'ul ib-szi szar-ra#-qu ta#-bik# da-me ul ip-pa-rik pi-rik#-[tu2]He does not have stag-goats, he does not eat emmer, (or) pigs.
23'asz2-ba _kur-kur_ szub-tu ne2#-eh#-[tu2 ki]-ma u2-lu szam-ni taq-na kib-rat _limmu2_-tim#As for the one who resides in the distant lands, like a bird, you have surrounded the four quarters (of the world).
24'{lu2}e-la-mu-u szip#-[ra-a-ti] a#-na sza2-'a-al szul-mi3-ia isz-pu-ru-nim-ma na-szu2-u?The Elamite messengers wrote to me to inquire about my well-being and brought (it).
25'ina qi2-bit {d}marduk# x ul# ar-szi sza2-ni-na ul ib-szi ge-ra-a-aBy the command of Marduk I did not have ..., nor did I have another ...
26'ina mah-re-e _bala_-ia sza2# {d#}marduk _lugal_ gim-ri _en_-ut u2#?-[mal]-lu#-u2# _szu-min_-u#?-a#?In my first regnal year, when Marduk, the king of all lands, filled my hands
27'_{tug2}sig2 dingir_-ti-szu2 _gal#_-ti as,#-bat asz2-te-'a-a asz2-ra#-te-e-szu2I grasped the hem of his great divinity, sought out his sanctuaries,
28'sza a-lak _dingir_-ti-szu2 kak-da3-a u2-sa-al-la u2-sa-ap#-pa _gal_-tu2 _dingir_-u-su#he who on his way to his divinity was enraged, he was angry, his great divinity
29'hu-su-us babila#{ki} sza# ina ug-gat lib3-bi-ka ta-bu-tu-szu2 at-taYou are the herald of Babylon, whose anger is at your heart’s desire.
30'a-na e2-sag-gil _e2-gal en_-ti-ka ki-szad-ka ter-ra su-uh-hi-ra pa#-[an-ka]to Esagil, the palace of your lordly majesty, your steadfast support, a protective deity, before you
31'ma-s,i _iri_-ka te-e-zib a-szar la si-ma-te-ka ra-ma-ta szub-tu2#Disregard that you have abandoned your city, or that you yourself have become frightened of it.
32'at-ta-ma# {d}en-lil2-la2 _dingir-mesz_ {d}marduk qi2-bi a-lak szu-an-na{ki#}You, O Enlil of the gods, Marduk, command the way to Shuanna!
33'ina pi-i-[ka el]-li# sza2 la# szu#-un#-ne2#-e# lisz#-sza2#-kin e-reb e2-sag#-[gil]By your holy command, which cannot be altered, may it be established in Esagil.
34'man-nu# [...]Who ...?(low confidence: few signs survive)
reverse col 1
1'ia#-a-ti# [...]My ... .(low confidence: few signs survive)
2'_{lu2}ka-pirig#_ x x [...]The cupbearer ...(low confidence: few signs survive)
3'_{lu2}gala-mesz_ ina man-zi#-[i hal-hal-la-ti ...]The lamentation priests in the rites of the cult centers
4'_{lu2}nar-mesz_ ina _{gesz}za3#-mi2#_ ta#-nit#-ti _en#_-ti#-[szu2 i-za-am-mu-ru?]The singers sing with his lordly supplications
5'{disz}{d}gesz#-nu11-mu-gi-na _szesz_ ta-li-me sza2 asz2-ru#-[ku a-na {d}marduk]Gešnu-mudammīnu, the brother of the cult actor who was ordained to Marduk
6'_szu-min dingir_-ti-szu2 _gal_-ti s,a-bit-ma i-szad-di-ha ma#-[har-szu2]The hand of his great divinity was grasped and he was frightened before him.
7'ul-tu _kar_ bal-til{ki} a-di _kar_ babila{ki} a-szar i-szak#-ka-nu nu#-[bat-tu2]From the quay of Baltil (Ašṣītu) to the city of Babylon, where they set, in the evening
8'as-li t,u-ub-bu-hu le-e pu-ul-lu-ki ar-man-ni sur-ru-qu e-[x x?] _x-ga-mesz_I am a scepter of justice, a guardian of truth, whose ... is ...,
9'mim-ma szum-szu2 nap-tan sze-e-ri li-la-a-ti u2-t,ah-hu-u ma-har#-[szu2]All that he has, the meal of the morning and the evening meal, he brings before him.
10'ab-ri nu-up-pu-hu di-pa-ri qe2-e-du a-na 1(disz) _danna-am3_ na-mir-[tu2] szak#-nat“The abru-demon, the nuppuhu-disease, (and) the dipāru-deities, the qedu-dish, are placed for 1 danna-measure of light.
11'gi-mir _erin2_-ni-ia ki-ma {d}tir-an-na szu-tas-hu-ru u4-mu u _ge6_ szit-ku-nu nin-gu-tu2#All of my troops have been gathered like Tirana, and your days and nights have been short.
12'{d}gaszan sza2 a-ga-de3{ki} {d}na-na-a {d}u2-s,ur-a-mat-sa {d}ha-ni-bi-ia {d}a-da-pa3#?The Lady of Agade, Nanaya, Uṣur-amassa, Hanibaya, Adapa
13'ina# kib#-ri _i7_ szub-tu szit-ku-na-ma u2-qa-'u-u2 _lugal dingir-mesz en en-en_The king of the gods, my lord, entrusted me with the clearing of the abandoned canal.
14'{d#}u-gur dan-dan-ni _dingir-mesz_ it-ta-s,a-a ul-tu e2-mes-lam szu-bat ru-bu-ti-szu2The god Nergal, the mighty one of the gods, came out from Emeslam, his royal residence.
15'ina ul-s,i# ri-sza2-a-ti ina _kar_ babila{ki} iq-rib-ma i-t,e-ha-a ina szul-meIn distant days, at the quay of Babylon, he approached and approached me. In peace,
16'{d}ag _ibila#_ szit-lu-t,u ul-tu qe2-reb bar2-sipa{ki} usz-te-esz-sze-ra _kaskal#_Nabû, exalted heir, made the road straight from Borsippa.
17'{d}utu ul-tu si#-par{ki} i-hi-szam-ma a-na babila{ki} un-dasz2-szi-ra sza2-ru-riŠamaš came out of Sippar and set out to Babylon.
18'_dingir-mesz kur eme-gi7#_ u# uri{ki} ki-ma mu-re-e an-hu-te pa-nu-usz-szu2 it-ta-nak-ka-ruThe gods of Sumer and Akkad kept looking at him with fear.
19'ina s,ip-pat mu-sza2-re-e# ku-uz-bi sza2 kar-za-gin3-na asz2-ri el-li#In the ṣippatu-vessel of the mušarû-offering, the meat of the lapis lazuli quay, the pure abode
20'ma-har _mul-mesz_ sza2-ma#-mi# {d#}e2-a {d}utu {d#}asal#-lu2#-hi# _dingir#-mah#_ {d#}ku3#-su3# {d}nin#-[a-ha-kud-du]Before the stars of the heavens: Ea, Šamaš, Asalluhi, Great God, Kusu, Ninaḫakuddu
21'ina szi-pir _abgal ka-luh#-[u3]-da# [ka-du8-u3-da_ rim-ki te-lil-te]By the craft of the sage, the kaluḫada-demon and the kaduĝda-disease, the pure rimki-demonic,
22'e-ru-um-ma# [(...) qe2-reb]-szu2# ir#-ma-a pa#-[rak da-ra-a-ti]entered and ... inside it entered and the eternal path
23'_gu4-mah#_-[hi bit-ru]-te# szu-'e#-e# ma-ru-ti aq-qa-a# ma#-[har-szu2]I presented to him oxen, sucklings, and young.
24'_ku6#_ [u _muszen] he2-gal2 zu-ab_ u2-t,ah-ha-a pa-nu-usz#-szu2#fish and birds, abundant food offerings, libates before him.
25'[...] _lal3# i3-mesz_ u2#-sza2-az-ni-na ki-ma ra-a-di... honey and oil I filled, like a rādu-vessel
26'[... _igi]-sa2#_-e szad-lu-u-ti u2-szam-hi-ra kad3-ra-a... he made the high heavens tremble.
27'[{lu2}ra-am-ki {lu2}]pa#-szi-szu2 _{lu2}an-gub-ba-mesz_ ma-har-szu2 ul-zizThe ramki-official, the pašīšu-official and the standing-officials stood before him.
28'[_ka-pirig-mesz gala-mesz nar-mesz_ sza2 ga-mir] um#-ma-nu-ti ha-am#-mu# [ul-ziz ma]-har#-szu2# x xThe pirig-priests, the lamentation singers, and the musicians of all the cult centers stood before him.
29'[...]-un#-nu ip#-par-di# [...]... he split ...(low confidence: few signs survive)
30'[...] x ki#-ma# x [...]... like ...(low confidence: few signs survive)
reverse col 2
1'ina# u4#-me#-szu#-ma u2#-sze#-pisz#-ma _{na4}na-ru2-a_ szi-t,ir _mu_-ia#At that time, I had a stele written in my name
2's,a-lam _dingir-mesz gal-mesz en-mesz_-ia e-si-qa s,e-ru-usz-szu2#I made a statue of the great gods, my lords, resplendent for him.
3's,a#-lam _lugal_-ti-ia mu-sa-ap-pu-u _dingir_-ti-szu2-un ma-har-szu2-un ul-zizI erected before them a statue of my royal majesty, a recitation of their divinity.
4'ta-nit-ti {d}marduk _en_-ia ep-sze-ti-ia _saga-mesz_The praise of Marduk, my lord, my good deeds
5's,e#-ru-usz-szu2 u2-sza2-asz2-t,ir-ma a-na ar2-kat3 u4-me e-[zib]I wrote its foundations and deposited (them) in the future.
6'ia-a-[ti {disz}an-szar2-du3-a szi-mat _saga_-tim] x i-szim szim-tiFor me, Ashurbanipal, the destinies of good fortune, ..., the one who decides fates,
7'x x [...]
8'_ta_ e2-hur-[sag-gal-kur-kur-ra]from Ehursaggalkurkurra(lower confidence: line is broken)
9're-ha-a-ti [...]The leftovers ...(low confidence: few signs survive)
10'_dingir#-mesz# kur eme-gi7_the gods of Sumer
11'ki-sza2-di-szu2his territory
12'ia-a-ti# {disz}asz-du3-aFor me, Ashurbanipal
13'ik#-ru#-ubhe prayed
14'[{disz}]{d#}gesz-nu11#-mu-giGešnu-mugi(lower confidence: line is broken)
15'_[szu-min] dingir#_-ti#-szu2the hands of his divinity(lower confidence: line is broken)
16'_{lu2#}ka#-pirig_the cupbearer
17'_[{lu2}]gala#-mesz_the lamentation priests(low confidence: few signs survive)
18'_[{lu2}]nar#-mesz_the singers(low confidence: few signs survive)
19'[x] x [...] _{gesz#}ma2-tusz-a#_... the throne(lower confidence: line is broken)
20'[ul-tu _kar_] bal#-tilFrom the quay it is finished.(lower confidence: line is broken)

Sources & licences

Cite the original edition and translator. Page generated by Unread Atlas from the public corpus export of 2026-10-18.