In Math
Early Dynastic table of squares (SF 082)
One of the oldest known mathematical tables, from Šuruppak (Fara).
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| Designation | SF 082 |
|---|---|
| Museum no. | VAT 12593 |
| Collection | Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, Germany |
| Language | Sumerian |
| Period | ED IIIa |
| Genre | Mathematical |
| Provenience | Shuruppak (mod. Fara) |
| Findspot | 31.7772, 45.5113 |
| CDLI no. | P010678 |
| Source | Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative — CDLI: reuse of catalogue/transliteration data with citation of CDLI; images restricted (not fetched) |
| Lines | 49 (48 with machine English) |
| Font | NotoSansCuneiform (generic face, any period), by Google / Monotype Design Team (Noto project) |
Machine draft. English generated by model atf-en-best-v2 (montycrypto/atf-to-english) (version d871547f92875415dbbc7f4a37fd65e35f8ac97d) on 2026-10-05, line by line from the ATF. Not a scholarly translation.
| Line | ATF | Cuneiform | English (machine draft) |
|---|---|---|---|
| obverse | |||
| 1.a | 1(gesz'u@c)# sag# {ninda}nindax(DU) | · 𒊕 · | 60 heads (of bread) |
| 1.b | 1(gesz'u@c)# [sa2] | · · | 10.00 (600) (ninda) squared: |
| 1.c | [3(szar2@c) 2(bur'u@c) GAN2] | · · · | 220 bur3 field |
| 2.a | 9(gesz2@c) | · | 960 (ninda) |
| 2.b | 9(gesz2@c) sa2# | · 𒊓 | 960 (ninda) squared: |
| 2.c | 2(szar2@c) 4(bur'u@c) 2(bur3@c)# | · · · | 142 bur3 |
| 3.a | 8(gesz2@c) | · | 480 (ninda) |
| 3.b | 8(gesz2@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 8.00 (480) (ninda) squared: |
| 3.c | 2(szar2@c) 8(bur3@c)# | · · | 68 bur3 |
| 4.a | 7(gesz2@c) | · | 420 (head-gur) |
| 4.b | 7(gesz2@c) sa2# | · 𒊓 | 420 (ninda) squared: |
| 4.c | 1(szar2@c)# 3(bur'u@c) 8(bur3@c)# | · · · | 88 bur3 |
| 5.a | 6(gesz2@c) | · | 360 |
| 5.b | 6(gesz2@c)# [sa2] | · · | 360 (ninda) squared: |
| 5.c | 1(szar2@c) 1(bur'u@c) 2(bur3@c) | · · · | 102 bur3 |
| 6.a | 5(gesz2@c) | · | 300 |
| 6.b | 5(gesz2@c) sa2# | · 𒊓 | 300 (ninda) squared: |
| 6.c | 5(bur'u@c) | · | 50 bur3 |
| 7.a | 4(gesz2@c) | · | (total:) 180. |
| 7.b | 4(gesz2@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 240 (ninda) squared: |
| 7.c | 3(bur'u@c) 2(bur3@c) | · · | 32 bur3 |
| 8.a | 3(gesz2@c)# | · | 180. |
| 8.b | 3(gesz2@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 180 (ninda) squared: |
| 8.c | 1(bur'u@c) 8(bur3@c) | · · | 18 bur3 |
| 9.a | 2(gesz2@c) | · | 120 |
| 9.b | 2(gesz2@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 120 (ninda) squared: |
| 9.c | 8(bur3@c)# | · | 8 bur3 |
| 10.a | 1(gesz2@c) | · | 60 |
| 10.b | 1(gesz2@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 60 (ninda) squared: |
| 10.c | 2(bur3@c) | · | 2 bur3 |
| reverse | |||
| 1.a | 5(u@c)# | · | 50 |
| 1.b | 5(u@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 50 (ninda) squared: |
| 1.c | 1(bur3@c) 1(esze3@c) 1(iku@c) | · · · | 1 bur3 1 ee3 1 iku |
| 2.a | 4(u@c) | · | 40 |
| 2.b | 4(u@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 40 (ninda) squared: |
| 2.c | 2(esze3@c) 4(iku@c)# | · · | 2 ee3 4 iku |
| 3.a | 3(u@c) | · | (total:) 30, |
| 3.b | 3(u@c) sa2 | · 𒊓 | 30 (ninda) squared: |
| 3.c | 1(esze3@c) 3(iku@c) | · · | 1 ee3 3 iku |
| 4.a | 2(u@c)# | · | 20 |
| 4.b | 2(u@c)# sa2 | · 𒊓 | 20 (ninda) squared: |
| 4.c | 4(iku@c)# | · | 4 iku |
| 5.a | 1(u@c)# | · | (total:) 10. |
| 5.b | [1(u@c) sa2] | · · | 10 (ninda) squared: |
| 5.c | [1(iku@c)] | · | 1 iku |
| 6.a | 5(disz@c) | · | 5 (persons) |
| 6.b | 5(disz@c)# [sa2] | · · | 5 (ninda) squared: |
| 6.c | [1/4(iku@c)] | · | 1/4 iku |
| 7 | [...] | · | |